Incorporation of Companies (Sections 7-12): Formation requires filing memorandum and articles with Registrar. Incorporators: Minimum 1 for private company, 7 for public company. Procedure: File Form INC-1, articles, memorandum, identity proofs, obtain incorporation certificate. Certificate: Conclusive evidence of proper incorporation and membership. Pre-incorporation contracts: Bind company only if adopted; founders liable until adoption. For accountants, incorporation date marks separate entity creation; affects tax and liability treatment.