Economic Reforms in India refer to liberalization and structural changes since 1991. Pre-reform period: License raj (state control, permits required), Protection (high tariffs), PSU dominance, Low growth, Inward focus. Reform drivers: 1991 crisis (BOP emergency), Government recognition of need, Fiscal pressures, Global trends. Major reforms: Trade liberalization (reduced tariffs, end of licensing), Financial sector opening (foreign investment allowed, insurance liberalization), FDI liberalization (increased FDI caps), PSU privatization/disinvestment, Tax reforms (GST, income tax), Labor law reforms (easing hiring/firing). Phase 1 (early 1990s): Stabilization, import liberalization, exchange rate liberalization. Phase 2 (late 1990s-2000s): Structural reforms, financial sector reforms, infrastructure development. Phase 3 (recent): Fiscal consolidation, GST implementation, Digital economy push, Agricultural reforms. Effects: GDP growth acceleration, Inflation moderation (after volatility), FDI increase, Export diversification, Job creation. Uneven benefits: Services and industry benefited more than agriculture; inequality widened initially (later moderated). Global integration: India now integrated into global value chains, vulnerable to external shocks. ICAI focus: Reform timeline, mechanisms, effects on growth. Exam tip: '1991 reforms' is watershed; know major reform components and their rationales.