Income & Expenditure Account shows the accrual-basis summary of incomes and expenditures during the period. Similar to P&L Account of for-profit entities but for NPOs. Structure: Expenditure side shows all expenses incurred (whether paid or not); Income side shows all incomes earned (whether received or not). Expenditures include: Salaries, Rent, Utilities, Stationery, Insurance, Depreciation, Bad Debts, Provision for Doubtful Debts, Program expenses, Administrative expenses. Incomes include: Subscriptions (accrued), Donations (accrued), Entrance Fees (accrued), Legacies, Grants, Interest/Dividend income, Rent received. Accruals & Prepayments: Subscriptions accrued for members not yet paid, Donations pledged but not received, Interest earned but not received, Rent owed but unpaid. Adjustments applied: Closing inventory of supplies, Depreciation of assets, Accruals for unpaid expenses, Prepayments for advance payments. Surplus/Deficit: Excess of income over expenditure is Surplus (not profit); shown in Balance Sheet under Capital/Fund. Deficit occurs when expenditures exceed incomes. I&E Account Equation: Opening Fund/Capital + Surplus/Deficit = Closing Fund/Capital. Comparison with R&P Account: I&E shows economic performance; R&P shows cash position. Both accounts are needed for complete financial picture. Exam tip: Apply accrual concept carefully; distinguish accrual items from cash items; understand surplus represents increase in funds, not profit; practice reconciling I&E surplus with cash changes.